Verbs & Tenses

 Most verbs describe actions, so they are called action verbs. Action verbs tell what people or things are doing. Here are some common action verbs.

    » drink,  look,  jump,  swim,  fall etc.

Subject and Verb Agreement
When you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action. This ‘who or what’ is the subject of the verb. The subject and the verb match each other. You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other.

Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun. For example, the subjects ‘my dad’ or ‘our school’, or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color.

" He always drinks milk when he’s hot."
" She eats bananas for breakfast."
" Mom walks to work every day."
" My sister dances like a professional dancer."
" The baby falls when she tries to walk."
" Our cat climbs the trees in our garden."

This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when
the subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some
other person—a third person—or a thing.

Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.
    » plays, sings, shines, rides, smiles, draws, paints, blows, thinks, stops etc.

The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end. Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o.
    » brushes, watches, kisses, fixes, rushes, reaches, misses, mixes etc.

Here are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form.

" She always brushes her teeth at bedtime."
" Dad polishes his shoes until they shine. "

Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the meaning of the sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb.

" The audience was enjoying the play."
" The audience have all gone home."

" The class has thirty students."
" The class are handing in their papers. "

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Some verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. 

           "Alice eats a banana for breakfast. "

The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats. The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb. So in this sentence, the object of the verb ‘eat ’ is ‘a banana’. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs.

Some verbs don’t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs.

" In China, lots of people walk to work."
" The boys play in the yard after school. "

Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.

The Simple Present Tense
Verbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense.

" We always wash our hands before meals."
" Joe sometimes lends me his bike."
" Dad jogs in the park every day."

The simple present tense is also used to state facts.
" The sun rises every morning."
" Penguins live in the Antarctica. "

Use the simple present tense to tell the events of a story that is happening now.
" I arrive at school."
" I see another girl crying. "

Use the simple present tense to talk about things that will happen in the future.
" My little sister starts school tomorrow."
" The new supermarket opens this Friday."
" Next week I go on holiday to Japan. "

am, is and are
The words am, is and are are the simple present forms of the verb be.
• Use am with the pronoun I.

• Use is with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’, and with the pronouns he, she and it.

• Use are with plural nouns like ‘my parents’ and ‘Jenny and Mary’, and with the pronouns we, you and they.

there is and there are
Use there with is and are to say what exists or what you can have. Use there is with singular nouns, and there are with plural nouns.

" There is a tree in our garden."
" There is a girl called Farah in my class."
" There is fish for dinner. "

The Present Progressive Tense
The present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen.

Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing.
" I am learning how to swim. "
" My sister is listening to music."
" My brother and I are playing a computer game."

The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future.
" I am going to the library tomorrow."
" My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one. "

The Simple Past Tense
Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb.

" I opened the door and looked inside."
" The plane landed ten minutes ago."
" My cousin visited us last summer. "

was and were
The words was and were are the simple past forms of the verb be.
• Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’, and with the pronouns he, she and it.
• Were is the simple past form of are. Use were with plural nouns like ‘my parents’ and ‘Jenny and Mary’, and with the pronouns we, you and they.

" Ten years ago, I was only a baby."
" When I was younger, I played with teddy bears. "
" John and I were in the garden."
" You were nasty to me!"
" You and Sally were not at school yesterday."

Irregular Verbs
Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called irregular verbs.
[ Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the end: look becomes looked. Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite different.  ]

 Example :  break -- broke,  keep -- kept,  bring -- brought,  kneel -- knelt etc.
                    • cost -- cost,  cut -- cut,  hit -- hit,  hurt -- hurt etc.

The Past Progressive Tense
Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in
the past and had not stopped happening. They were continuing.

To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing.
" I was watching television."
" Ben was finishing his homework."

You can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened.
" Sam was doing his math homework when the phone rang."
" Dad was cooking our dinner when I got home. "

have, has and had
The verb have is used to say what people own or possess.
•• Use have with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as ‘my parents’ and ‘Tom and Susan’.
•• Use has with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’.

" I have two brothers and one sister."
" Monkeys have long tails."
" My sister and I have a swing in our garden."

" John has a big brother."
" Sally has a pretty face."
" An elephant has a long trunk. It also has big ears."
" His brother has dark hair."
" Our apartment has big windows."

Use have to talk about things that people do or get.
" I can’t play football because I have a broken leg."
" We have art lessons on Mondays."
" You have a stain on your shirt."

You also use have to talk about things that people eat.
" We usually have lunch at school."
" Mom and Dad sometimes have their breakfast in bed."
" Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch."

The simple past tense form of have and has is had.
" I had a big toy car when I was small."
" It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden."
" They had a wonderful holiday in Europe."

Use had when you're talking about wishes.
" I wish I had a new bike."
" Kathleen wishes she had a big sister."
" Dad wishes he had a bigger garage. "

You can make the negative with didn’t have.
" I wish I didn’t have so much homework."
" Jimmy wishes he didn’t have a broken leg."

The Present Perfect Tense:
The present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the present. To make the present perfect tense, use have or has and a verb that ends in ed.

• We have lived in this house for five years. (= and we still live there)
• Your plane has already landed. (= and it’s still on the ground)
• She has dirtied her new shoes. (= she made them dirty and they’re still dirty)

Irregular Past Participles
Remember that irregular verbs don’t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don’t end in -ed. The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.
» fight - fought - fought ;  have - had - had ; lose - lost - lost ; teach - taught - taught; win - won - won etc.

The Future Tense :
To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action.
• You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we.
• Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they.
• Will is also used with singular nouns like ‘my dad’ and with plural nouns like ‘all the boys in my class’.

" I shall do my homework after dinner."
" I will miss you when you leave."
" We shall take the dog for a walk later."
" We will visit Grandma this weekend."
" He will be home later. "

To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won’t.
" I will not help you unless you help me first."
" It won’t be very sunny again until next summer. "

To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense.
" Tomorrow is Sunday."
" Summer vacation ends on Friday. "

You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings
by using be going to and another verb. Remember to:

• Use am and was with the pronoun I.
• Use is and was with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns like ‘my mom’ and ‘the teacher’.
• Use are and were with the pronouns we, you and they, and with plural nouns like ‘my friends’ and ‘John and Sally’.

" I am going to visit my cousin tomorrow."
" I am going to see the new Star Wars movie next week."
" My friend John is going to move to Chicago next year. "
" My friends are going to teach me how to play chess."
" Mom and Dad are going to buy a new computer."
" Your books are going to fall off the shelf if you’re not careful."

do, does and did
The verb do is used to talk about actions. The words do and does are the simple present forms of the verb do.
• Use do with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as ‘my parents’ and ‘Tom and Susan’.
• Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as ‘my dad’ and ‘the teacher’.

" I always do my homework after dinner."
" I do drawings with coloured pencils."
" We do our shopping at the supermarket."
" You do magic tricks very well."
" They do their housework on the weekend. "

The Infinitive
The infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to. Infinitives often appear after other verbs.

" The rain began to fall."
" Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon."
" I’ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o’clock."
" I hope to visit Disneyland someday."

Some verbs have an object before the infinitive.

" Simon asked me to help him."
" The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. "

Infinitives often appear after adjectives. " The boys were afraid to cross the busy road."
" I’m very pleased to see you again."
" This problem will be difficult to solve."

You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are using something for.

" Take a book to read."
" I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport."
" Has everyone got something to drink?"

Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where.

" My brother is learning how to cook."
" I can’t decide which to choose—the ice cream or the pudding. "

Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to.

" I can swim."
" We think she will win the race."
" You must try harder."

The Imperative Form of Verbs
When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give, read or come. This base form is called the imperative.

" Open your books to page 25."
" Stop and look before you cross the road."
" Come to the front of the class. "

Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the imperative.

" Please show me your homework."
" Please read the first sentence out loud."
" Please come to the front of the class."
To make negative imperatives, use do not or don’t before the base form of the verb.

" Do not bring calculators into the exam room."
" Please don’t change anything on my computer."

Gerunds
A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun. Sometimes a gerund is called a verbal noun because it comes from a verb.

" Running is a good way to keep fit."
" Susan is very good at drawing."
" He loves dancing and singing. "

[ Sometimes it is difficult to know whether an ing word is a gerund or a present participle. If you can replace the ing word or its phrase with the pronoun it, then the word is a gerund. Look again at the examples on the left. Try replacing the words in bold with it. ]

Some gerunds can be used in front of other nouns, like adjectives.
" a washing machine = a machine that does washing"
" a shopping bag = a bag for carrying your purchases "